Saturday, August 31, 2019

Political Economy Essay

Approaches to study of Politics Falls under Political Science We’re made to do the impossible Summary 1 paragraph will do. Provide the insight -Data -Theory used -approach used – use other references to prove your point 3 x 5 Surname all caps first name email address mobile number On approach deals with different meaning of politics Political Science What is Politics & its scope ? Banned words Politics is dirt Politics is nothing more than a means of rising in the world Samuel Johnson Systematic organization of hatred Henry Adams Art of governing mankind by deceiving them. Isaac D’Israeli BASIS of POLITICS Intellect and Will Man Capable of Thinking Politics as a rational activity Man has the capacity to think and realize his wants, needs and interest which are potentially in conflict with others’ wants, needs, and interests. Man cannot survive on its own. He needs someone else Politics as a social activity 2 or more persons Politics as a social activity 2 or more persons Associate with society Politics is concerned with social dynamics. POLITICS AS THE ART OF GOVt What concerns the state Study of government and exercise of authority Authoritative allocation of social values Framework Definition does not provide David Easton Authoritative binding to all Allocation done by the government Social Values anything held important by society budget allocation, privatization, elections Henry Mayo 3 characteristics that separate the political from non-poitical Politics is focused on the governing function through which are: Limitation on Easton on Mayo’s concept of Politics POLITICS DOES NOT ONLY HAPPEN IN THE GOVERNMENT POLTICS AS PUBLIC AFFAIRS State DIFFERENCE OF GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS PUBLIC PRIVATE State Civil Society Institutions of the State ( apparatus of government, infrastructure, economy, taxes Autonomous bodies (family, kinship groups, private businesses, trade unions Funded at the public’s Expense Set up and funded by individual citizens Responsible for the collective organization of community life Responsible for the satisfaction of own interests rather than the interest of the larger society. Private with this definition EX: RH Bill It should not be affair of the government. Public Sphere vs Private Sphere Restricted to the acitivites of the state itself and the responsibilities that are properly exercised by public bodies Politics should not meddle on personal affairs and institutions. POLITICS AS COMPROMISE & CONSESUS A daily activity in which differing interests within a given unity of rule are conciliated by giving them a share in power in proportion to their role in the welfare and the survival of the community Bernard Crick Everything will just be fine – for no matter big or small the dispute is, at the end of the day we will just arrive in a compromise. Assumption: Conflict is inevitable Resolving conflict through compromise conciliation and negotiation, rather than violence and coercion. Not limited to government POLITICS IS INEVITABLE LINKED TO THE PHENOMENA OF CONFLICT & COOPERATION Politics as master science. Why Make use other things to make things in order. Existence of rival opinions- conflict People recognize that they have to work with others cooperation Hannah Arendt- Acting in Concert Otto Von Bismarck- Politics is the art of the possible. POWER AS POWER & DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES What is power? X has power over Y insofar as Robert Dahl X is able, in one way or another, to get Y to do something That is more to X’s liking And which Y would not otherwise have done. Faces of Power As decision-making – you shape there decisions As agenda setting – You are preventing the person to make a decision As thought control- You are imposing your preference in an indirect or subtle way. Definition of Politics through POWER and allocation of resources FIND THE FOLLOWING QUOTES OF FAMOUS SCIENTISTS Adrian Leftwich- Politics is at the heart of all collective social activity, formal and informal, public and private, in all human groups, institutions and societies. Harold Lasswell Politics is, in essence power: the ability to achieve a desired outcome, through whatever means. Kate Millett â€Å"Politics is a power-structured relationships, arrangements whereby one group of persons is controlled by another. â€Å"POLITICS†- as the constrained use of social power. Robert Goodin & Hans- Dieter Klingemann Constrained because there are already laws establish. Politics takes place in all social activities; politics happen at every level of social interaction Politics concern production, distribution and use of resources in the course of social existence. -Ability to achieve a desired outcome, through whatever means . Approaches to the study of Politics Ontology- the nature of being Epistemology- How do you know what we know? Theoretical – concept & idea Empirical- Evidence, observation History- both theory and experience Methodology- How do we exactly know what we know MAKE A MATRIX OF THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES USING THE FOLLOWING: Nature Ontology Epistemology Methodology Studying Politics requires that we use approaches Approaches presecrbies different ways of studying politics Approaches tell the researcher: Ontology Epistemology Methodology Approaches are lenses in which you see the world In politics Normative Institutional Behavioural Discourse Analysis State-Centered Pluralism Elitism Marxism Brief History of its Development -Philosophical Tradition -Empirical Tradition -Scientific Tradition -Recent Developments Rational Choice Public Choice Discource.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Government Regulation Essay

Government regulation in business today is vital because it attempts to create a level playing field for companies competing against one another and regulate honest business practices toward the consumers. It is important to for any business to understand how government regulation affects their industry and how they intend to run their company. Industrial regulation is the government regulation of an entire industry. The purpose of industry regulation is for a an entity to watch an industry’s prices and products to make sure that they do not create a monopoly or take advantage of consumers. There are basically two kinds of regulation, price regulation and social regulation. Price regulation is regulation directed towards industries that have tendencies that may produce a monopoly. The industries that price regulation agencies monitor are: the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which are basically responsible for monitoring gas and oil pipelines and other energy based industries; the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), who are supposed to regulate television, telephones, and other areas of communication; and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), who regulates financial markets. Social regulation monitors the conditions where goods and services are produced, the safety of those items produced, as well how the production of those good might affect society. The industries that social regulation agencies are worried about are: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The main purpose behind these organizations is; to stop monopolies from being formed and to control the pricing of the products or services because these industries have elements that may potentially create a monopoly. The affect that government industrial regulation has on the market will vary depending on several different variables such as how antitrust laws are interpreted, the administration enforcing the laws, taxation, and how strictly the laws are enforced. The purpose of the government regulation is to ensure monopolies aren’t formed and to make sure  that prices and products aren’t taking advantage of customers. They also want to make sure that oligopolies are not formed to make sure there is not too much power over pricing and also to promote fair and heal thy market competition. Depending how the laws are enforced will help decide how much of an impact there is to a certain market. The idea is to strive for equality and integrity in certain industries. Knowing how courts are interpreting antitrust laws and how they affect a firms specific industry is important to understand when making business decisions for a company along with knowing the boundaries for where regulatory agencies may consider a monopoly or oligopoly could potentially be formed by having too much control. Social regulation is served with monitoring the conditions under which goods and services are produced, the safety of the goods being produced, and any effects production may have on society. The social regulatory agencies are; the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Social regulation is different from pricing regulation because social regulation applies to almost all firms and is not designed for the specific purpose of stopping a monopoly. One example would be when the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) decide to issue a requirement that all worke rs have periodic break from work, it would apply to all firms in the United States who are under OSHA’s control. On the other hand, pricing regulation would not. People who are opposed to social regulation believe that regulation carries a steep administrative cost and that those costs actually hurt consumers more than the regulation actually helps. They think this happens because the social regulation laws are often poorly written and very difficult to interpret or enforce. Those who back social regulation do agree with some of what the naysayers think but they believe that the benefits of social regulation are worth the high costs and that regulation just needs to be improved. They think that social regulation has made manufacturing a lot safer in the United States and reduced discrimination within the workplace. Both sides have valid arguments however to actually judge between these two views is very difficult because accurately figuring out the costs or benefits is pretty much impossible. (Colander 2010). A natural monopoly is an industry in which significant economies of scale make the existence of more than one firm inefficient. An  e xample of a natural monopoly is AT&T. Up until 1982; AT&T was what was called a regulated monopoly. It had the exclusive right to provide telephone service in the United States. AT&T controlled 90 percent of the telecommunications market: long-distance and local telephone service, and the production of telephones themselves as well as other communication equipment. AT&T was given this right because it was felt that economies of scale made supplying telephone service a natural monopoly. Telephone service required every house to be connected with lines. These lines had to be buried underground or strung overhead on poles so it didn’t make sense to have more than one company installing separate lines. The government also decided that telephone service should to be available to all everyone, even those who live in remote areas, where service costs more to provide. An unregulated company in a similar position probably would have practiced skimming, which in this case would have been to provide service to low-cost areas and avoiding high-cost areas. AT&T was allowed to continue as a monopoly but they were subject to regulatory control by the Federal Communi cations Commission. This government regulation was put in place in order to limit the company’s profit to a fair level and prevent AT&T from abusing its monopoly. AT&T’s business was also limited to telephone service. Under AT&T’s monopoly, phone service in the United States was the best and cheapest in the world at the time. Even if phone service was more expensive than it actually needed to be, most agreed that the system worked well. (Colander 2010). Antitrust policy is essentially the government’s policy towards the competitive process. The United States antitrust laws were put in place by both federal and state governments in order to regulate corporations. These policies intend to keep companies from becoming too large and stop them from fixing prices. These laws also attempt to give businesses an equal opportunity to compete in a market. There are four major parts of legislation that are known as the antitrust laws. In the United States these laws basically began with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The Sherman Antitrust Act stopped limits on competitive trade and made it illegal to form a monopoly. The nest next antitrust act was the Clayton Act, which was passed in 1914. The Clayton Act protects against mergers or acquisitions that would either greatly decrease competition or offer the threat of becoming a monopoly. Another major piece of legislation was the  Robinson-Patman Act from 1036, which made it illegal to practice price discrimination by allowing some businesses to purchase products at lower prices than other businesses. The last of the four pieces of legislations to the antitrust laws is the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which was formed in 1914. The FTC was created to enforce the country’s antitrust laws. Many of the antitrust laws are not very specific and can be hard to interpret. The FTC’s job is to interpret the laws and enforce them. The three main regulatory commissions of social regulation are: the Food and Drug Administration, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. These three commissions watch over social regulation in different ways. The FDA stops drugs from being sold until there is enough information about the effects of the drug can be determined. The FDA often takes a long time to test and go through the approval process. They FDA can take up to five or even ten years to approve a drug and it is a very costly process. Because this is such a lengthy and expensive process it usually means higher priced drugs fo r consumers. The next commission to discuss is the EEOC. This is the commission that regulates discrimination in the workplace. The EEOC investigates discrimination complaints based on criteria such as: individual’s race, color, nationality, religion, sex, age, or disability. The final commission to look at is OSHA. OSHA is essentially responsible for regulating health and safety of workers within the workplace. The five primary federal regulatory commissions that govern social regulation are the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), The Equal Employment Opportunity (EEOC), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). The major functions of these agencies are to monitor the conditions under which goods and services are produced, the safety of those goods, and the side effects of production on society. Works Cited Colander, David C. Economics: Eighth Edition San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Irwin 2010.

At universities and colleges, sports and social activities are just as important as classes and libraries and should receive equal financial support Essay

There has been a long debate about whether sports and social activities are just as important as classes and libraries. Some people claim that classes and libraries are more crucial and deserve more financial support because hiring qualified teaching staff and updating research sources in libraries needs a lot of money. Others hold the opposite opinion. Nevertheless, the purpose of school education is not only providing opportunities to acquire knowledge but also cultivating different kind of skills and interests which may also play an important role in students’ later life. Therefore, personally I support that social activities and sports are as crucial as classes and libraries which should get equal support from school for the following reasons. To begin with, attending the sport and social activities provide students more chances to have a rest after a long time of study which may help them combine exertion and adequate rest. In my school, there are enough sports fields and basketball courts for students taking a lot of exercise such as playing football, basketball, tennis and running. In addition, we also have a large swimming pool which allows students to practice swimming skills and prepare for national swimming competition. After studying for a long period of time in class or in the library, we would also go there to have a rest which may makes us feel relaxed and refreshed. There is no doubt that doing sports could benefit our physical health. What’s more, scientific researches also prove that sports can also enhance the efficiency of our study. One research done by the National Health Institute, says that people who do sports or exercise at least 30 minutes a day tend to work more efficiently and make less mistakes. Moreover, participating sports and social activities can promote the development of different skills, such as communication skills, arrangement skills and the spirit of teamwork. When playing basketball, team members have to work together to fight against the adversaries and they need to share both happiness of victories and sorrows of failure. Or when two members have different opinion, it is necessary for them to discuss and reach to an agreement which may serve the whole team’s purpose best. This is perhaps one of the perfect ways to arouse the awareness of teamwork. Besides, when taking in social activities, it is inevitable that they will meet different kinds of problems which require them to try their best to resolve through efficient communication with others. In this way, they will realize the importance of connecting with others which will bring a lot of benefit when they face the real world. Finally, as our society is in need of all-round development talents, colleges and universities are supposed to cultivate their students who are adaptable to the development of the society. The support of the sports and social activities provides students many opportunities to apply what they have learnt into practice and then have a better command of knowledge. For example, an education major student can make use of the home school visiting activity to observe how the classes are taught and how educational policies are implemented in schools. On this condition, students may develop an all-round way. All in all, it is necessary to pay equal attention to classes and libraries as well as sports and social activities. It is not only beneficial to students’ physical and psychological health but also to their future development as well.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

London Networking Solutions Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

London Networking Solutions - Article Example (This is a brief introduction to a ghost company, which is not in existence in reality. It's just a creation to answer the question.) MaxiProfit is a management consultancy firm. Management consulting simply refers to both the industry, and the practice of, helping organizations to basically improve their performance, primarily through the analysis of existing business problems and development of plans for improvement. Organizations often hire the services of management consultants. This is because the pursuit of expansion is vigorous and extensive. Experts in the business fields are therefore required for a number of reasons, including, for example, to gain external, and presumably more objective advice and recommendations, which may help solve the problem at hand or for long term plans. Another is to gain access to the consultants' specialized expertise, where the hiring of permanent employees is not required. Because of the exposure of consultants and their relationships with numerous organizations, consultancies are also said to be aware of industry 'best practices,' this is as noted by Sam Palmisano of IBM (2007) although the transferability of such practices from one organization to another is the subject of debate. Upon successful negotiation of a deal, Consultancies may also provide organizational change management assistance, development of coaching skills to the lead staff of the Host Company, technology implementation, strategy development, and operational improvement services. Management consultants generally bring their own, wealth of methodology and frameworks to guide the identification of problems, and to serve as the basis for recommendations for more effective or efficient ways of performing business tasks. Planning is basically important, so as to end up with a workable procedure. This will help save on many things especially financial. Small and medium enterprises Companies always enter into acquisitions for the main reason of assuming the market monopoly. Ancient philosophers once noted that it's better to expand to a giant. One Socrates further created a light moment that one needs not worry of growing slowly but rather should worry of standing still. Growth by acquisition is a thoroughly tried and trusted strategy. This system allows one to move into new markets or increase their existing market share at much more rapid rate than would be likely through the commonly used organic expansion. This is as discovered by Anita Roddick of Beware management consultants (the learned man 2007). Companies hit the mergers acquisitions trail for a host of reasons. Among those noted also include: 1. Taking the threats of main competitors out of the market. For London Networking Solutions the main competitors are all the IT firms that perform network installations within and without the great UK. IBM and SAGEM, being some of them. 2. Another reason could be to Scale up in a particular sector. These sectors include servicing of the installed networks, offering of spare parts and consultancy as far as IT is concerned. These are the main interests of London Networks.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

The Advantage of Pragmatism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Advantage of Pragmatism - Essay Example Thanks this paper   we shall see the theories’ relevancy on Centrica’s progress and how creative thinking in adapting new set of ideas as well as proper utilization of resources and advance technology can greatly contribute to progress. One kind of resource that will be emphasized would be Human resources and that how could this be an asset or a hindrance, on the other side, to company’s goals. We shall be dealing on factors like stress control, support and performance as a key of business improvement and success. Human resource is one of the most essential element of a business or company in the long run including today, whilst the expansion and enhancement of technology. This could be hardly eradicated in business, although they are already experiencing recession, still a company needs a human workforce for it to work (regardless of its size). One main reason for this is because human have the capability to think unlike of machines. We have interesting mental capabilities that only us could analyze and implement solutions and answer to predicaments and that machineries are just by-product of our creative thinking being a secondary source of our solution.

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Using the key studies from the course, suggest what answers Essay

Using the key studies from the course, suggest what answers psychologists can give to the question Who am I - Essay Example logy, even though had reached great heights as far as the theories are concerned, has failed to create a revolution in the society and has proved quite helpless to transform the human nature. (Gross Richard , 2003,Pg.3). But even then, psychologists have done their best to understand the complex creation called the man and tried their best to answer the question, â€Å"Who am I?†. stagnant or a physical thing. It is a volatile and ever-changing aspect of human being and so the question can be answered in different ways. Following are some of the answers that we can come up with. I am the one who try to study and perceive people, events, relationships, the society and the system that I live in. I try to increase my understanding of everything around me using all the sensory abilities that I have so that I can have a control over my life. That is my motivation of the life, to control it and feel powerful and happy about it(Gross Richard , 2003, Pg.13). I am a product of my culture. The culture that I am born into influences me in every way. My thoughts, my behavior pattern, my beliefs, my religion, the food that I eat and the clothes that I wear are nothing but the influences of the I am the most superior of all the species. No other species can beat me when it comes to the ability of communication. I can interpret symbols and make references out of it. I can understand and communicate the things that are not in the space and time. I can mix different parts of the language and form a sentence that makes a sensible meaning. And my most powerful ability is creativity which makes me the most interesting and intelligent species on the earth ( Gross Richard , 2003, Pg.81). Even

Monday, August 26, 2019

See bellow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See bellow - Essay Example Scientists have come up with ways to explain that modern man is still evolving, some of the ideas that have been brought on board are like that modern women tend to start their own families between the ages of 22 to 26. Another aspect is the Tibetans evolutionary change, which explains that people would adapt to low oxygen levels in high altitudes environments. Finally, the variation in reproduction, which means that selected traits favor particular kind of people, it has been noted that fertility is being categorized with natural selection, which means that women with narrow birth canal endanger the lives of both the babies and themselves. It also explains that babies with a large brain size get struck in the birth canal. Evolution can be defined as, â€Å"a process of change in a particular direction† (Vosse, 2010, p.9).Evolution tends to define the genesis of something. Evolutionists argue that, â€Å"simple organisms can evolve into complex organisms through natural means and denies any divine influence† (Vosse, 2010, p. 9). I agree with the phrase that man hasn’t stopped evolving, with the emergence of â€Å"modern man†. 600,000 years ago, a more sophisticated tool of technology advanced and these tools were efficient and included the cutting tools (Vosse, 2010). But still the technology didn’t advance. After many years, the fossil of modern man appeared and the technology changed. Modern man didn’t stop hunting, but he advanced domestic tools, art, clothing’s and jewellery. Modern man has challenged the evolution of man; this factor has been argued by the evolutionists who consider modern man to have evolved, since he was previously a hunter and gatherer living a similar life as the Homo erectus (Vosse, 2010). The modern man’s needs made him become a more efficient and equipped hunter, toolmaker, fire maker, and a social gatherer. The evolution biologists have noted is that the

Sunday, August 25, 2019

The First Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huangdi's leadership skills, main Research Paper

The First Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huangdi's leadership skills, main achievements and main accomplishments - Research Paper Example It was protected from adjacent states and barbarian tribes with natural barriers. Therefore this region became one of the earliest centers of iron metallurgy in ancient China. Trade with northern neighbors and states of Central Asia and agriculture were basic branches of economy. Before 500BC state of Qin did not take an active part in an internecine struggle of Chinese kingdoms and was considered relatively weak. Strong, persistent leaders and gifted commanders were required to use current potential in full scope. Shang Yang (390BC - 338BC) and Han Fei (280BC – 233BC), who had been statesmen at the end of the Warring States period, strengthened position of Qin among its competitors. Both of them were â€Å"credited with fostering Qin’s growth and categorized somewhat loosely as ‘Legalists’. They both had visited other kingdoms; and both met a violent death thanks to animosities.† (Loewe 12 - 18) As a leader and reformer Shang Yang could be compared with Qin Shi Huangdi, because they strived for building military-bureaucratic state. Both of them rejected principles of Confucianism such as hierarchy, patriarchal concept of power, family clans etc. According to Shang Yang, idleness and lack of discipline are the main reasons of state decline. Lack of governmental control over them causes economic and agricultural recession. Reforms of Yang and Huangdi weakened positions of patrimonial aristocracy as the ruling class, because preliminary they had exclusively comprised officialdom. â€Å"The situation changed when Shi Huang Di successfully unified China under Qin in 221 B.C. with Li Si as his chancellor, by using effective military forces formed by Shang Yang’s reforms. After unification, the emperor decided to abolish feudalism and adopt Junxianzhi, a centralized system in which all the regions are governed by aristocrats appointed by the emperor, rather than as an indi vidual

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Homeland Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homeland Security - Research Paper Example Homeland Security, a relatively new agency was created by George Bush after the terrorist attacks on America. President George Bush established the agency so that there would be no more terrorist attacks on America. It can be said that The US Department of Homeland Security came into being in the wake of the 9/11 terrorists to keep America safe from natural and man-made disasters. The aim of this department was to undertake counter-terrorism measures, and in the event of an attack coordinate rescue and recovery actions. The mission statement of this agency is to prevent terrorist attacks and to keep the damages to a minimum and recover from attacks when they do occur. To address these challenges states have to do two things: 1) secure their territory from attack and 2) try to end the threats at their source. The Homeland Security agency helps the states to do this and also analyzes how America and other countries work towards achieving these goals. It suggests measures that states ma y have to take, such as creating a national infrastructure that is resistant to physical damage and augmenting domestic security. The program also explores how best countries can fight global terrorism by increasing cooperation between countries that are facing a common threat. It carries out activities like coordination between intelligence agencies, domestic nuclear detection and protection of top-level government officials. The department is made up of agencies that take care of customs and border protection, immigration and citizenship services, quick response and recovery during emergency and research in science and technology. Today homeland security measures include a wide range of efforts to prevent terrorist attacks. There are specific policies such as random baggage searches at airports, and broader policies for intelligence-gathering and law enforcement. The Department of Homeland Security in US has an annual budget of more

Friday, August 23, 2019

ASIAN HUMANITIES RESEARCH PAPER Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ASIAN HUMANITIES - Research Paper Example This reinforced Guru Nanak’s conviction in the importance of man and his fate rather than any metaphysical doctrine which classified and segregated people according to a caste system. In the early casteless Sikh community, lower caste Hindus and those considered as â€Å"untouchable†, euphemistically termed as Harijans or God’s people were allowed to become members of the Sikh community (Kapoor 5109). However, over time, through the influence of other already- existing religions such as Hinduism where a rigid caste system prevailed, Sikhs became differentiated into castes and sects. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the claim that there is no caste system in Sikhism. Caste differentiations in Britain, the existence of lower caste Sikh communities, and the discriminations they have to face will be identified and examined to prove that caste system does exist among the Sikhs. In the early centuries of its evolution, Sikhism had no differentiation into a hierarchy of caste groups. During the first two hundred years of the Sikh religion beginning from the mid-fifteenth century, a line of Gurus or preceptors guided the community. The tenth in line, Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708), dissolved the position of the personal Guru, and vested the Gurus’ authority both in the Adi Granth or original book of Sikh scripture, as well as in the Panth or community (Mann 2001). Gradually differentiation into various caste groups emerged in the Punjab in India, the home state of the Sikhs and other Punjabis, and persisted among Sikh communities living in other parts of the world. At the sub-identity level today, caste forms a major divisive factor in Sikhism. However, the majority of Gurudwaras or Sikh places of worship in Britain belong to the Sikh mainstream composed of Jats, they do not discriminate between

Thursday, August 22, 2019

How do economic recession affect people's behavior Essay

How do economic recession affect people's behavior - Essay Example However, as the theory points out, the knowledge is never complete and this imperfection leads to economic growth. This may not always be so. In times of economic recession, the more the awareness of bad news, the greater is its impact on human behavior and the economic crisis. According to Charles Hodge, if a human being is assumed to behave out of necessity, he loses his identity as a rational person capable of deciding based on his thoughts and analysis (Hodge as cited in Cleveland, 2000). He becomes a mechanical person and can not be held responsible for the consequences of his behavior. Similarly if he is assumed to base his actions on the contingencies, he is imbibed with irrational and autocratic power of determination, acting even against his own will. Hodge rejects both these patterns of behavior that emerge from the utilitarianism theory. In the third behavior pattern viz., certainty, the individual behavior is explained by the individual’s own rational analysis of a situation and determination of what is best in his own interest, and is embraced by Hodge as the more appropriate explanation of human behavior. The subprime crisis in the USA led to large scale defaults in the mortgage industry and its contagion effect soon engulfed a host of other sectors like the financial institutions, banks and manufacturing industries. Bank failures dried up the credit available for the business and industry and this has in turn led to significant loss of jobs and consumer confidence. All the major economies of the world are facing a downturn due to globalization. Mass communications media ensures that individual behavior is influenced and aggravated by the frenzy of collective disaster. Loss of consumer confidence and credit squeeze are the major factors impacting human behavior in these circumstances. US economy which is characterized by a high degree of consumer spending, is witnessing consumer

Types of Job Description Essay Example for Free

Types of Job Description Essay External The external job description is the one you post for potential applicants. It lists the title and essential functions of the job, outlines duties and responsibilities and may include administrative information such as the responsibilities of the overall department and the position of the jobs supervisor. It should also list necessary qualifications, including skills, education and experience. Most external job descriptions indicate the salary and benefits offered for the position. Though they need to be brief, they should also be specific so that youre not inundated with applications from people who are unqualified. Generic A generic or general job description describes the job in broad terms. Depending on the size of the organization and the number of similar job positions within it, the generic description may be used as a template for department heads to craft more specific descriptions for jobs under their purview. However, the Poindexter Consulting Group warns that generic job descriptions can open a company to problems with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which enforces the Americans with Disabilities Act. This act mandates that employers not discriminate against qualified disabled people who are able to fulfill the essential functions of jobs. If a generic description doesnt detail what the essential functions are, you could create the appearance of discrimination. Moreover, the government uses job descriptions to determine that employers are following legal guidelines regarding equal pay and opportunities for overtime. Generic descriptions that dont specify wages and hours wont protect you if your organization comes under government scrutiny. Internal The internal job description contains the same information as the external one but goes into more precise detail, according to the Grand Roads Executive Search firm. The administrative information, for example, may include the name and job title of the positions supervisor. Internal descriptions of higher level jobs may list metrics such as how much revenue the jobholder is expected to generate, how many clients or accounts she will oversee or service or how many employees she will supervise. A well-written, thorough job description ensures everyone knows what your expectations of the position are so that Human Resources can hire the right person, the person hired understands what to do and youre legally protected if the new hire doesnt meet those expectations. How to Write a Job Description Step 2 Overview Next you write the general overview of the job position. This is the 1-minute elevator pitch. Don’t go overboard here. The rest of the written job description will break down the details. This is where you summarize the nature and overall purpose of the job. How to Write a Job Description Step 3 Essential Functions and Responsibilities This is the job description section that explains the day-to-day of the job. You start by listing out the essential functions of the position. Essential job functions are responsibilities that are 5% or greater of the employee’s workload. All the essential functions should add up to 100% of the job position. They should be listed in order of importance. I like to add at the end of this section â€Å"other duties as assigned† as a catchall for special projects that may come up. How to Write a Job Description Step 4 Job Qualifications This is where you list out the minimum requirements of the job position. Be sure to write the qualifications for the position you need, not the person who may currently be in the position. If a job requirement is listed then those candidates not meeting the minimum standards are not viable candidates for the position. This job qualifications area can be broken down into the further sections listed below. I’ve included some examples of functional job descriptions: 1. Education If the job position requires a degree or certification list it here. Are you willing to substitute years of experience for education? If so, specifically communicate how many years of related experience is an acceptable substitute for a degree or certification. Job description example: 4 years of software development experience with .Net may be substituted for a 4-year degree in computer science. 2. Experience List the amount of industry experience or directly related job experience required. Job description example: 5 years of project management experience in the financial services industry. 3. Supervisory experience If supervisory experience is required, list how many years of supervisory experience are required along with how many employees supervised. Job description example: 5 years experience supervising 10 or more employees. 4. Technical proficiencies This is where you list what technical or software skills are needed to perform the essential functions of the job. Job description example: Must be able to type 80 wpm in MS Word. 5. Communication skills In most jobs, having good communication skills is essential. Maybe you need someone who has excellent written communication skills if you are hiring a technical writer. You may need someone with public speaking experience if you are hiring for your training department. You may need someone who is an exceptional oral communicator for the receptionist position or negotiation skills if they are in sales. These are all examples of communication skills that are required to perform the essential functions of the job. Some job positions may require multiple communications skills in order to perform the work. 6. Decision making Being a good decision maker isn’t something reserved for management. Some jobs require the person to work independently and to make on-the-spot decisions that affect their work and the company. This is where you specify how much freedom the position has to make decisions regarding responsibilities of the job. 7. Other competencies or skills Other competencies or skills necessary to perform the job may be the ability to meet deadlines or work more than 40 hours, as needed. You may need someone who has the ability to work on teams. This is the section where you add these kinds of details. 8. Background checks or licensing requirements Most companies require some sort of background check before hiring a candidate. This is the section where you will include a statement about any background checks or other requirements candidates must pass in order to qualify for the position. Job description example: †¢ Criminal background check †¢ Reference checks †¢ Education verification †¢ Drug test †¢ Physical exam †¢ Driver’s license and proof of insurance 9. Preference Everything in the requirements section of the job description is a minimum job requirement except for this section. In this section you are telling candidates that it would be very helpful if they had particular skills or abilities but it’s not required. Job description example: Experience with MS Visio is highly desired. How to Write a Job Description Step 5 Physical Requirements When most people read this section of the job description they don’t pay much attention. They think that this is just legalese. I can understand that unless you are someone who has physical limitations. Potential job candidates need to know what they physically have to do in the job and in what environment. If they are scared of heights but the job requires them to work several hundred feet off the ground in a warehouse this would not be a good fit and the candidate can self-select out of applying for the job position. Another reason this section is needed is because of the Americans with Disability Act (ADA). This is a topic that requires a lot of attention and would sidetrack this article so I’ll summarize to stay on topic. Employers need to list the physical requirements so those with disabilities or physical limitations can judge whether they can perform the job as-is or with reasonable accommodation. For example, someone hard of hearing may be able to perform a call center job if they have a device that amplifies voices on the phone so they can hear customers. Additionally, your current employees’ health may change over time and they may struggle to physically perform their jobs. They may need reasonable accommodations, as well.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Character Analysis: Theory Of Personality Development

Character Analysis: Theory Of Personality Development In the analysis of the star character Rachel in the 1968 movie Rachel Rachel by Paul Newman, I have used the Theory of Personality Development by Freud Sigmund (1856-1939). Sigmund developed this theory about psychoanalysis from his works on patients with mental problems several years back. In this theory, Freud Sigmund believed that allthe spheres ofsomeonespersonality were in one way or another determined by the sex of the person and aggression.Sigmund believed that other factors that shapedsomeones character also developed during this period of personality development which in totality determined the adults personality and how well they relate with the world. According to Freud Sigmund the three elements that make the personality are the Id, the ego and the superego. The ID is the part we are born with and is the part of us that wants us to be comfortable. For instance children will cry when they are hungry until they are fed in complete disregard of whether there is food or not or even whether the person attending to them is busy or not. As we have observed around us, a child will always cry until what they want is done for them or given to them. The Ego is believed to develop in children from three years of age onwards. This part enables one to realize the realities of life. At this stage of development a child can very clearly understand the consequences of their actions. For instance they can understand that some unpleasing actions can make them to be punished or rewarded. Main Body: Analysis The Superego is the part that develops by the time a child reaches five years. Once the superego develops the cycle of personal development is completed and one attains a balanced personality. The superego is also known as the conscience because it helps us distinguish between wrong and right actions and it also defines for us the ethics and morals by which we live. The movie Rachel Rachel based on the novel Jest of God by Margaret Laurence is about a 35-year-old schoolteacher Rachel Cameron who is unmarried and is portrayed in the movie as feeling terrible that she has wasted her life. The Interprofessional education would also enable me to involve all the necessary stakeholders in cases of emergency so as to limit conflicts and ensure the delivery of quality health and social care. For instance, in case I will be faced with a similar situation as the drunken patient case, I would be able to reassure the patient and ensure that they have plenty of drip water added to their body, while ensuring that before I take any steps, I consult with other adult nurses and doctors. In addition, I would advocate for joint multi-disciplinary training so as to ensure increased harmony among the IP group members at the work place. Moreover, I would also ensure that there is a clearly distinct role defined for each IP team member so that each member contributes to the situation at hand. The role of effective communication would be key to the success of my career as an adult nurse. This is because; the service user and the nurses as well as the doctors would require knowing the progress of the patient as he is being treated. In the above case, after treating the patient, he will be moved to the recovery ward where he will be attended to by other nurses and health care givers. These health care givers will require knowing the progress report of the patient, which I would ensure that they have in good time. As an adult nurse, the value of communication is immeasurable The star character Rachel lives with her mother in an apartment that was once owned by her late father in New England. It is time for the summer holidays and Rachel is not excited like the other teachers about the vacation as she figures it will just be another holiday when she will be bored and she will have to put up with her demanding mother in the house. In the movie, another character Calla Mackie who happens to be Rachels best friend,a lesbian and a fellow teacherpersuades and invites Rachel to attend a religious meeting with her. Rachel is convinced into attending the meeting and while there she is touched by the sermon delivered by the guest preacher who is a young man. This incidence marks the beginning of a series of several other events which will convince Rachel to get out of the cocoon she was hiding in and live in the real world where she can freely express her emotions and desires. Calla also feeling touched by the sermon confesses her feelings for her best friend but she is turned down by Rachel who does not have lesbian tendencies. After the religious meeting and Rachel feeling that she can express her emotions and love to those she cares about she gets involved in a short lived sexual relationship with their old family friend Nick Kazlik who was back in town to visit his folks. Rachel then has her first sexual relationship with Nick;she falls in lovewith him and starts thinking of a future with Nickmistaking the lust they have for one another for love. Nick on the other hand on noticing that Rachel is treating their relationship more seriously than it ought to be treated ends the fling because to him it was just a casual affair. Shortly after Rachel suspects that she might have fallen pregnant and this really makes her happy as she imagines having a baby of her own.Rachel therefore plans to relocate elsewhere to a place where she can raise her child now that her relationship with Nick is short-lived. Her best friend Calla helps her get another teaching job in Oregon but Rachel soon finds out that she is not pregnant but has a benign cyst. A surgery is organized and after having the cyst removed Rachel still decides to move away with her mother to Oregon and even though she is feeling alone and empty because of the loss of the man she loved and her supposed baby, she has a strong will to continue with her life. Rachels Experience Rachel Rachel is a very moving romance, classic and drama themed movie that shows the loneliness and existence of some ladies in real life where someone does not get what they have always wanted or where life seems so unfair to someone. The problem could be in our personalities where we have internal battles within us over what we want and what society or everyone else will say about us. There were several ideologies that the students discussed in low tones relating to the behavior of these students. However, this was only qualified by the fact that the medical profession students liked discussing their peers conduct and professional ethics. In this book, I learnt that Rachel had issues with other students conduct which frequently extended to the rest of the other peers both at school and at home. I concurred with critics that she often exhibited this trend. The rest of the team members agreed that the time limit of working in groups could not be construed to mean that medical students were often too pervasive. The setting of the group work was more controlled, thus limiting the results of the findings. It was agreed within my group that the real picture could be depicted in the work place though with limited variations. This was the case with the attitude of the medical students towards other medical students as well as the other students in general. The multi-disci plinary team meeting gave me insights and adequate experience in relation to the kind of communication among different professional team members. They were constantly evaluating her work which sounded kind of uneasy for Rachel. Striking a balance In emotionally sound persons, the ego normally comes out as the strongest element of personality taking care of both the Id and the superego. When these three elements are balanced someone is able to survive and exist well without taking undue advantage of others. Unfortunately not all of us can have the ego coming out stronger than our Ids and superegos. For some the Id is stronger and such a person will be self-centered and concerned only with their wellbeing and if the superego also happens to be stronger such a person can be too hard on themselves, have judgmental tendencies and relating with others would be extremely difficult for them. Like mentioned earlier the three elements are driven by sex and aggression. Sex which Freud calls the Eros stands for our desire to reproduce and live. Aggression on the other hand represents our need to acquire more wealth and protect our lives. According to Freudstheory, our ego therefore has so many tasks. It is charged with the duty of checking that everything is balanced, it deals with lifes challenges and ensures that our actions do not hurt those we care about and all this is done by employing ego defense mechanisms like: Denial- where we pretend that a problem does not exist. Suppression- where we consciously block out some thoughts from our minds especially thoughts that can hurt our feelings. Regression- where we can go back to decisions we had made earlier on. Rationalization- where we come up with logical explanations to problems or difficult situations instead of admitting the truth. Projection- where we put behaviors that are unpleasing on other people. Consequently, after looking at the storyline of the movie briefly and having explained the theory of Personality Development of the psyche by Freud Sigmund, we can say that Rachel the lead character in the movie had a personality problem. This is evident in several ways: First at 35 years of age, Rachel was still a single woman never married before and still a virgin. This shows that Rachels ego could probably be weaker than the other two elements of her personality because in Freuds explanation there reaches a point in life when every human being of reproductive age would like to procreate and have offspring of their own. And that is why when Rachel suspects that she is pregnant and her belly starts swelling she is so excited. Even though she could have ended up being a single mother she does not seem bothered at all. All that seemed to pre occupy her mind was the fact that she would have her own baby finally. This shows that Rachels super ego couldbe much stronger than her ego and her Id and that is why she was a virgin till late into her life. Secondly, Rachel looks like she has a personality development problem because she had not known who she was or what she wanted in her life before she and her friend Calla attended the crusade. It is while at the crusade that Rachel decides to have a free spirit. Rachel looks like she was hiding in some shell and it was the young preacher who helped her get out of it after which she had a sexual relationship with Nick. In this case we conclude that it is Rachels superego which was dominant once again because her morals were probably too uptight that she could not have sex before marriage. I also learnt that adult nurses should learn to downplay their differences for the common good of their patients. I also learnt that the power and authority held by students in their past affected the IP collaboration. Critics subsequently felt beaten at it. However, this has changed owing to the modern reorganization of the healthcare delivery. I learnt that other team members have now been given a chance to take lead roles in the delivery of quality health and social care. This kind of delegation was necessary due to the busy schedule of the doctors. This had to be communicated effectively within the Interprofessional teams. Nurses have been empowered and can now play a vital role which was traditionally reserved for lead doctors in the health care centers. IP working has therefore made nurses more powerful and authoritative thus providing them with ardent experience to further their careers. Rachel also does not seem to enjoy her life. Schools have closed and people are happy to be going on vacation but Rachel on the other hand is just there not excited about the holidays like everyone else. Rachel was more of an outgoing kind of person than any other character in the movie. In fact, the movie depicts Rachel as aggressive lass who not only care about her own affairs and her state of being but also the state of others. It is indeed appalling to learn that she attempts to repair the bad relationship that others have been nurturing all this while. It should be remembered that Rachels earlier background is one to reckon. I acknowledge the fact that working together as a team is integral to the success of my career. There are many times when I will have to consult various health and social care practitioners to effectively treat or deal with complications that may arise during treatment. Likewise, such professional team members may require my help in dealing with social, phys ical and mental health problems. I also appreciate the fact that effective communication within the IP teams is key since no professional staff within the health and social care can work in isolation. Professional health and social team members should attend the same training session so as to improve their IP team collaboration. Her character is mostly confused to be that of a person who is very strict and stern with all aspects of her life. This indeed helps to illuminate on the kind of character that we expect her to have. The issue again could be that her superego dominates over the other elements of her personality so much that Rachel is uptight and her conscience cannot allow her to indulge in activities that are fun even during vacation. Rachel does not seem to make decisions or to be in total control of her life. When she gets invited by Calla to attend a revival meeting Rachel goes just to please her best friend not that she really cared what was going to happen at the meeting. Fortunately for Rachel, it is a time she gets to discover herself and start doing things that other normal adults do without feeling guilty about anything. She even gets to fall in love for someone something she had never done all her entire life. The best thing is that the movie ends when Rachel seems like she is beginning to have a grip of her life and that her own life is beginning to bring meaning to her and excite her as well. Hopefully she found the love of her life where they relocated to. In the movie Rachel Rachel, several people are struggling with personality issues. The theory by Freud has helped us to study an individuals character and to be able to draw a conclusion concerning the level of development of the Id,ego and superego. My Experience During my internship at the general ward as a practicing nurse to be, I was able to experience teamwork conflicts. This experience played well during the conference, thus enabling me to learn more from a practical approach. I was also able to share my experience with the other IP team members. I also learnt important aspects of IP communication and working that are integral to the success of IP collaboration. These include, not using jargons, listening whenever other team members are talking, questioning assumptions sensibly, promoting the rights and dignity of IP team members. There are certain terms that adult nurses will use which cause confusion and ambiguity, thus making others who assume the meaning of jargons to error. On the other hand, I would also learn to resolve ethical issues within my IP team. Certain ethical issues are bound to affect the IP collaboration within my working teams. I would therefore respect other IP team members ethical standing and approach any indifference with a voice of reason in a bid to drive sense into the team members understanding. Indeed, most of the team members agreed to the fact that discrimination was indeed a shared concern. During my internship, I watched a patient walk in with his girlfriend. It was evident that from the start, the doctor on call could not give effective direction and as if this was not enough, the doctor could not take a leadership role and advice the girlfriend to calm down. I believe as a future adult nurse, I would have tackled this situation with more wit. My first step would have been to take control of the situation and give the patient options with the benefits of each. This would have given more insight to the girlfriend and reduce the conflict. I would also initiate active communication with the rest of the adult nurses for consultation in privacy. Interprofessional education would have enabled me to effectively initiate communication with my team members, thus taking control of the situation in good time. As an adult nurse, every patients condition is important since my core value is to preserve life. I have also learnt the effectiveness of working in partnership with the patients through listening and responding to their concerns. I have also learnt that it would be important to consult with the patients regarding their treatment and care before commencing such. While reflecting this experience, I shall work closely with my team members as an adult nurse and constantly communicate with the relevant authorities and IP team members for quality health and social care delivery. I truly acknowledge that I would need a succinct understanding of teamwork and modern approaches towards health and social solutions. As a future adult nurse, I will always ensure that I initiate effective communication with the rest of my IP team members so as to work together for the common good of the patients. The experience that I learnt was indeed useful as it would enable me to effectively become a successful adult nurse who would stand out from the rest. The person-centred approach was particularly imperative in ensuring that I am able to understand the genesis of multi-disciplinary teamwork. I indeed acknowledge that issues relating to patient care should be approached with interprofessional teamwork so that each medical practitioner offers advice in his or her area of professional knowledge while ensuring that they work as a team. My experience at the multi-disciplinary conference would enable me to become a successful adult nurse who values teamwork and professional collaboration. This conference has also enabled me to have a clear picture of what medical professionals go through and what can be done to avert such challenges. I now feel adequately capable of tacking these challenges that my career as an adult nurse will provide. I have also learnt to take into account the views of other people when making important decisions. Indeed issues of race, gender, class and sexuality among others should not affect multi-disciplinary teamwork. Cultural and social differences should not be construed as effective barriers to IP teamwork. As a future adult nurse, the conference was a brainstorming session which expanded my experience. I was also able to learn that certain general terms used by patients to refer to their illness may indeed cause great confusion among professional health and social care practitioners. These are referred to as stereotypes. In such a situation, the health and social professional practitioner should consult the other members of his or her IP group or team so as to come up with the proper interpretation thus limit errors in the treatment of the patients condition. Synergy model of nursing supports this argument and calls for more consultation in the treatment of the patient. The group discussion on IP education enabled me to visualize the reality between theory and practice. The patient-centred perspective was clearly illuminated by the patients voice presentation. The exclusion of IP working has been seen in collaborative treatment. Decisions made by individual inexperienced doctors have been tragic. The case of Victoria Climbie and Baby Peter can best illuminate this when Baby Tiffany passed on due to negligence. Findings from this tragic situation enabled doctors and nurses to establish a framework that saw the prevention of such situations. It was agreed that IP teams would not be able to prevent the occurrence of every tragic incidence. Some would indeed be inevitable. Hence, I was able to learn the value of communication and collaboration in the build up to my career as an adult nurse. Calla also seems to be struggling with her sexuality. She is a lesbian but before the Christian revival she cannot confess her feelings to Rachel because of the societys views on the subject but after the meeting everyone is feeling like they can open up and that is when she openly tells Rachel of her feelings even though she is turned down. Conclusion In conclusion, we can say that the three elements that make up someones personality are very crucial in molding the character of someone and greatly influence what someone turns into when they are adults. We should therefore strive to help the Id, ego and superego to grow well and the ego especially should be nurtured to surpass the other two in dominance, because as research has shown for a sound thinking adult, the ego should dominate. As much as this may not be achieved in all people, those who hang around children should motivate them so that they do not have problems in adulthood in identity or of self-esteem like was the case of Rachel and Calla. Rachels super-ego is something to reckon with though at times she seems to be not confident enough to tackle the situation at hand. She stands out as a she-wolf, always seizing any opportunity that comes her way.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Mental Health of Children with HIV

Mental Health of Children with HIV Chapter 1 Introduction Women are more at risk of acquiring HIV infection than men in sub-Saharan Africa mainly due to Gender inequality, this relatively increases the risk of children acquiring HIV through mother-to-child-transmission [1]. According to available statistics about 30% of babies born in sub-Saharan Africa to HIV positive mothers will themselves be infected with the virus either through childbirth or through breast-feeding [2]. From recent data there are about 3.2 million children living with HIV, 91% of these children living with HIV are found in sub-Saharan Africa [2]. The WHO recommendations stipulates that children below the age of 5 diagnosed with HIV should be placed on ART regardless of what their CD4 count is, 28% of these children living with HIV worldwide, requiring antiretroviral treatment (ART) currently have access to these drugs [2]. Since the onset of the epidemic, most of the children with perinatally acquired HIV in low and middle income countries do not live past infancy [3, 4]. However, results from recent research shows that life expectancy has improved and 36% of these infants live up to 16 years of age [5]. Likewise, strategies employed to screen pregnant mothers and test infants and children at risk for HIV infection, as well as the advances in ART, has improved the quality of life and ensure HIV positive children live longer [6, 7]. However, these children will have to face the challenges of living with a chronic illness, requiring tremendous social support for long, to enable proper development both mentally and physically. For example, recent studies indicate that living with a life-threatening and stigmatizing illness is also difficult and creates great psychological distress for children with HIV [8]. Children living with HIV are often confronted with fears/thoughts about their own death, most of them are stigmatized and discriminated against [8]. Consistent evidence also shows cognitive difficulties for HIV positive children [9]. 1.2. Background and Context Mental disorder is progressively becoming an important global health concern and the leading cause of disability globally. Depression an ordinary mental disorder, currently afflicts about 350 million people, both adults and children worldwide [10]. An increasing number of mental disorders are ranked among the leading causes of disability in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burden of Disease 2004 [11]. War, poverty, deprivation, marginalization and deracination are among the key social determinants of mental health identified as prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [12-15]. This in turn increases the prevalence of depression in this region, though the number are under-reported. Despite the clear indication that mental health is a huge public health concern in SSA, it has consistently been neglected, due to the preponderance of communicable diseases, malnutrition and other perinatal disorders. Adults living with a chronic illness like HIV, are prone to psychosocial and psychological stressors so are children living with HIV. They are faced with anxiety associated with living with a chronic illness and the possibilities of death from the infection. High on the list for psychosocial stressor, is the issue of discrimination and stigmatization, as well as struggles with other challenges like malnutrition, poverty and diminished social support [15]. Evidence from studies have shown that children suffering from chronic diseases are more prone to developing mental disorders than their peers that are healthy. In one study [16] involving children with epilepsy, it was suggested that healthy children were less likely to suffer from mental disorder than those with epileptic conditions that had increased risks. Another study [17] showed minders of children with sickle cell disease reported more emotional and behavioural abnormalities among these set of children. Studies from other region of the world have shown that there is a relationship between HIV and mental illness. It has been shown [18] that early abnormalities in children’s neurological development is attributable to HIV infection and no other factors like environmental and biological risks. The association between HIV and neurological impairment is well researched in children. Learning difficulties, attention deficit disorder [19, 20], behavioural abnormalities [21-23] and cognitive discrepancies [24, 25] are all associated with HIV infection in children. The Pediatric Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) in their study reported increased risks for psychiatric hospitalization for children living with HIV compared to other children without the infection [26]. It was also suggested that children with perinatally acquired HIV infection may be susceptible to certain mental disorder due to the effects of HIV infection on neurological development. They a lso stated that there is a likelihood of increased mental illness among these children as they progress in life. Result from a study conducted by Mellins et al.[27] that examined psychiatric indicators in children between the ages of 9-16 years with perinatal HIV infection, showed that 11% of the children had oppositional defiant disorder and 13% diagnosed with conduct disorder. Moreover, other studies have shown that perinatal HIV infected children are at greater risk of experiencing abnormalities in brain development [28], these abnormalities include delayed motor and cognitive development [29] and in some cases short-term amnesia and mental retardation as a result of the infection [30, 31]. A study [32] of Ugandan HIV positive babies followed over a period of one year, showed that 30% of the babies on ART exhibited impaired motor functions while about 26% of the babies displayed impaired cognitive functions, this is in contrast with 5-6% of HIV negative babies that exhibited the same conditions. Papola et al. [33] in their study, collected retrospective data on 90 school children living with HIV, in order to examine their developmental and needs. From their findings 44% of the children’s range of intelligence were below average or average, while 56% had language impairment. A similar finding were replicated by Bachanas et al. [32], result from the study showed that HIV-infected children had lower WISC-III scores and abysmal academic performance. They also exhibited significant psychological functioning deficiency. 1.3. Research Project and significance With increasing access to ART, the number of children born with perinatal HIV infection getting to adolescence and adulthood has increased tremendously. These children in most cases share stressors experienced by other children living with other chronic illness, like long term medical hospitalization and treatment, and agonizing life experiences. Notwithstanding the burgeoning evidence and psychosocial consequences of living with a chronic disease, there are still dearth of studies that have investigated the mental health concerns of children living with HIV in SSA. Most research elsewhere focuses on the effect of ART treatment and prevention of HIV. Though, there is an increasing cognizance of the likelihood of increased risk of mental health disorders for people living with HIV in the long run, owing to biomedical changes occasioned by ART and environmental risks. Based on the glowing evidence from research on correlation between substance abuse, risky sexual behaviours and mental health disorders, it is then pertinent to understand the association between mental health and children living with prenatally acquired HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa, especially because of its unique environment and the high prevalence of the social determinants of mental illness in the region. This is necessary to inform mental health treatment and prevention programmes. 1.4. Study aim To review and provide a synthesis of research on the mental health and psychological functioning/outcomes of children who are perinatally-infected with HIV, corresponding risk and protective elements, treatment modes and areas of vital need for future research and interventions. 1.5. Organization of the Thesis This thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 1 deals with the scope and objectives of the thesis, it gives a brief background of children living with perinatal HIV infection and the current trend, the mental health issues associated with living with HIV/AIDS. Chapter 2 deals with the methodology, the literature search and identification of studies, inclusion and exclusion criteria, data extraction, quality assessment and procedures used in the analysis. Chapter 3 presents the study findings. Chapter 4 presents the general discussions of the study findings, including limitations of studies included. And also the limitations of a systematic review study, strength and weakness. Chapter 5 gives the concludes and summarizes the study, giving possible intervention to address the emerging mental health concerns for children living with HIV/AIDS, as well as recommendations and identified areas of future research. Chapter 2 Literature search A systematic literature review was conducted using the theme â€Å"children living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa and mental health†. The study included studies up until July 2014. The research focuses on papers dealing with children living with HIV/AIDS and the effects on their mental health. The aim is to harness these research papers on the above-mentioned theme, and discuss the subject, present a summary, and highlight areas of future research needs. This informed by the body of evidence suggesting that in the long run, perinatal infected HIV children are liable to mental health issues, arising from factors such as environment, genetics, biomedical and familial [30-33]. Nonetheless, in the course of these research there are dearth of studies using the mental health as outcome and perinatal HIV infection as exposure in SSA. Hence, terms relevant to the review theme were discovered and used in finding the required papers. Studies on children living with HIV and mental health outside sub-Saharan Africa were not included in this review. It is not clear as explained in some studies, whether the mental health condition experienced by HIV positive children is neurologically or psychological. This might be a limitation of this review. A comprehensive search of online database for published articles on mental health and psychological functioning of children who are perinatally-infected with HIV was conducted. The electronic databases includes: PubMed, EBSCOhost and Science Direct, MEDLINE, Psychinfo, PubMed, JSTOR and Google Scholar. In addition to the online databases, unpublished articles, theses and internal reports will also identified by citation snowballing from the initial journal articles. Data was collected between January 2014 and July 2014 from the databases. The search terms used, identified through MeSH include: mental health, psychiatric/psychological, emotional and behavioural problems, perinatal HIV infection, paediatric HIV and adolescence. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria The initial search returned one hundred and eleven studies relevant to children in sub-Saharan African living with HIV and mental health concerns, restrictions were applied in terms of age, geography and study methodology. Only studies that included children between the ages of 1- 15 years were included. Studies conducted outside sub-Saharan African countries were not included. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included if the primary research was on HIV infection as exposure studied, the researchers had a control group or standardized psychological instrument, mental health disorder/symptoms was the key outcome studied. Only English language articles were included. Out of the 111 studies selected only 10 that were relevant to the review was selected. As the main aim of this review was to focus on well-grounded findings the mental health and psychological functioning/outcomes of children who are perinatally-infected with HIV, only papers that included both subject were selected. Exclusion of studies outside the geographical area of interest were only performed at a later stage, to ensure that relevant studies that did not stipulate their geographical emphasis in their keywords were not excluded. Figure 1. Inclusion and exclusion used in systematic review. Data Extraction Children were classified as infected or uninfected based on their seropositive or negative status. The final synthesized materials were evaluated based on the research methodology employed, age range, and the outcomes from the study. To assist in the analysis Microsoft Excel was used. A content analysis was performed. As the studies used in the systematic review is small, a meta-analysis could not performed.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Compare Romeo And Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing :: comparison compare contrast essays

Compare Romeo And Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing There are many similarities between Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing and Romeo and Juliet. Was this Intentional or Accidental? Even though Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy, and Romeo and Juliet, is one of his saddest tragedies, the two plots share many common incidents. Did Shakespeare mean to have these coincidences or did they happen by accident? In both of his dramatic works, the Masque is a key element furthering the infatuation of the lovers. Also the balcony scenes in both plays are crucial because without them the plot could never have reached its denouement. It seems that God came into both of the plays in the spirit of the friars, because they had good plans to keep love together. In both plays, the masque functions as a dramatic device which initiates the love plot. It occurs in a social gathering, but not without the help of costumes. If it were not for costumes the result of love might have been drastically different. How was the masque used to get lovers together? In the case of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo hears about the masque and decides to go, thinking that he might be able to get away with this scheme. Upon entering he sees Juliet and right away, he knows it is love. If he had not worn the costume, the hosts might have ejected him from the party and he might not have met Juliet. Much Ado About Nothing has a similar but also different approach towards love at the masque. In Much Ado, Count Claudio is not able to gather the courage to court Hero. Instead Don Pedro, who is one of Claudio's very close friends, offers to go and woo Hero for his friend. This point is illustrated by Don Pedro for his great plan to get Claudio and Hero together "Thou wilt be like a lover presently/ And tire the hearer with a book of words. . .. That thou began'st to twist so fine a story? "1 Don Pedro's costume allows him to woo Hero, posing as Claudio. Balcony love scenes are familiar from both plays. The love was disparate in each of Shakespeare's plays. Compare Romeo And Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing :: comparison compare contrast essays Compare Romeo And Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing There are many similarities between Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing and Romeo and Juliet. Was this Intentional or Accidental? Even though Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy, and Romeo and Juliet, is one of his saddest tragedies, the two plots share many common incidents. Did Shakespeare mean to have these coincidences or did they happen by accident? In both of his dramatic works, the Masque is a key element furthering the infatuation of the lovers. Also the balcony scenes in both plays are crucial because without them the plot could never have reached its denouement. It seems that God came into both of the plays in the spirit of the friars, because they had good plans to keep love together. In both plays, the masque functions as a dramatic device which initiates the love plot. It occurs in a social gathering, but not without the help of costumes. If it were not for costumes the result of love might have been drastically different. How was the masque used to get lovers together? In the case of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo hears about the masque and decides to go, thinking that he might be able to get away with this scheme. Upon entering he sees Juliet and right away, he knows it is love. If he had not worn the costume, the hosts might have ejected him from the party and he might not have met Juliet. Much Ado About Nothing has a similar but also different approach towards love at the masque. In Much Ado, Count Claudio is not able to gather the courage to court Hero. Instead Don Pedro, who is one of Claudio's very close friends, offers to go and woo Hero for his friend. This point is illustrated by Don Pedro for his great plan to get Claudio and Hero together "Thou wilt be like a lover presently/ And tire the hearer with a book of words. . .. That thou began'st to twist so fine a story? "1 Don Pedro's costume allows him to woo Hero, posing as Claudio. Balcony love scenes are familiar from both plays. The love was disparate in each of Shakespeare's plays.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

adversity :: essays research papers

Overcoming Adversity Questions 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He struggles with mental and social adversity Mental Adversity: Being misfortunately intellectually challenged. Social Adversity: Being misfortunately unable to communicate with people on the same level as us. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the difficulties that he faces in daily life with his schizophrenia are that after his hospitalization, when he is on the medication he can’t react to his wife, baby son, or anyone else. Other difficulties that he encounters is that he has 3 characters which he can only see with him all the time, which he learns to ignore so he can live his life off the medication, resulting in being able to communicate with others, and soon being able to teach again, being still unsure of who is real and who is imaginary. Before his schizophrenia is diagnosed he is stuttering because as he says to Charles â€Å"he doesn’t like people very much†. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles- Charles’s role in John Nash’s life is to give him someone to talk to and to help Nash overcome the failure he encounters since he believes that it is improbable to fail, by doing this, he helps Nash find himself, and helps him come up with his economic equation that he later receives the Nobel prize for. William Parcher (Big Brother) - He helps John Nash find himself in the way that I believe he is helping his schizophrenia come out due to the missions which are given to him which involve cracking Russian codes. After Nash believes he was nearly shot at by Russian Spies, he becomes very scared of people in black and is always looking out the window for the Russian spies who he believes are going to kill him, and because of this his wife, Alicia calls a Marcy (Charles’ niece) - 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His hospitalization is prompted by him being scared of everything, since he believed he was shot at by Russian Spies. His wife is getting scared by him acting so crazy, and always peering out the window looking for Russian spies. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The thing that prompts his second attempt at being hospitalized is when Agent Parcher points a gun at Alicia’s head, and because he believes that William Parcher is real, he pushes him but in the process also pushes Alicia, and scares her immensely. John’s reaction is upsetting as he dose not want to go there and wants to move on, without taking the pills and live a life where he can react to his wife and hold his son.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Cultural Variations in Attachment (Psychology)

Discuss cultural variations in attachments. A culture is a group of people who have their own norms, values and customs. The Kroonenberg study showed that in a study of 8 countries the culture attachments patterns seem to be quite similar. The most common attachment type was a secure attachment. In western countries the dominant attachment type was avoidant and in non-western countries the dominant type was resistant. These results were reached from data from 2000 strange situation studies in 32 different countries.There are many cross-cultural similarities such as in Ainsworth’s Uganda study she observed various universals in attachment behaviour. This study showed that infants in Uganda were similar to infants in the UK and USA because they used their mothers as a secure base for exploration, and mothers of securely attached infants showed more sensitivity towards their infants than those who were insecurely attached. Tronick studied an African tribe who live in extended fam ily groups.The infants are looked after and even breastfed by different women but normally sleep with their mother at night times. Despite the different carers the infants still showed one primary attachment to the mother. Fox studies infants raised on Israeli kibbutzim that spent their time being cared for in a communal. Attachment was tested in the strange situation with either the mother or the metapelet. The infants were equally attached to both of the caregivers except in the reunion behaviour where they showed greater attachment to their mothers.This suggests that the mothers were still the primary caregiver despite the shared care. There are also many cross-cultural differences. Grossmann and Grossmann found that German infants were more commonly insecurely rather than securely attached. This is due to the fact that in German culture they keep some interpersonal distance between the parents and children so that infants do not engage in proximity-seeking behaviour. This caused them to seem insecurely attached in the strange situation.Takahashi used the strange situation to study 60 middle-class Japanese infants and their mothers. It was found that there was a similarity in the rate of securely attached infants to those in the US sample (Ainsworth). However there was no evidence of avoidant attachment but there was high rates of resistant attachment. The Japanese infants were extremely distressed when left alone and 90% of the infants the study had to be stopped with at that point. Once again this is because of the different child care practises in the different cultures.In Japanese culture the infant is rarely apart from the mother which explains why they were so distressed in the strange situation when separated. All of these studies show that despite the cultural variations in the infant care arrangements the strongest attachment formed is still with the child’s mother. The research does show that there are differences in the patterns of attachm ent that can be related to the difference in cultures. Rothbaum argued that attachment theory and research is not relevant to other cultures because it is so rooted in American culture.The sensitivity hypothesis promoted that the secure attachment was related to the caregiver’s responsiveness and sensitivity. Rothbaum argued that this only reflects western ideas or autonomy. In Japan sensitivity is about promoting dependence rather than independence. Sensitivity has the opposite objective in the different cultures. The continuity hypothesis said that infants who are securely attached go on to develop more socially and emotionally competent children and adults. The competence means being able to explore and be independent and be able to regulate ones emotions.In Japan the opposite is true. Once again it has the opposite objective in the different cultures. The secure base hypothesis says that in the west secure attachments are seen as providing the infant with a secure base wh ich they can explore, thus promoting independence. Japan attachment relationships are dependence-orientated. Behaviours associated with insecure ambivalent attachment are more typical of the characteristic amae relationship which may explain why these classifications are higher in Japan.Rothbaum spoke about the behaviour of Japanese mothers and infants. This might be an incorrect generalisation because within Japan there are different subcultures which have different child care practices. The Kroonenberg study found more variation within cultures rather than between them. Kroonenberg suggested that the cross-cultural similarities could be caused due to the fact that the media spread the same ideas about parenting all over the world so they are exposed to similar influences.

Lady Macbeth and Her Gender Essay

In Shakespeare’s time women were considered to stay ay home, do the housework and to look after the children after they were married. The role of women was just to please men. Women had no right and no choices because men defined women. A young women’s future was defined by their father and they had no choice to refuse. In Shakespeare’s time, which was the Elizabethan period, there were no actresses and men played women in plays. To women in those times the play ‘Macbeth’ would seem very strange as Lady Macbeths character is nothing like women in then, even to men the character would seem strange. Lady Macbeth is an ambiguous character as she has two sides to her, one side is that she is fiendlike and the other is that she is not fiendlike. The first time we meet lady Macbeth, is when she was reading a letter that Macbeth had written to her telling her about the witches prophecy. She reads the letter and says ‘yet I do fear thy nature, it is too full o’th’ milk of human kindness’. She thinks that Macbeths is too kind to do anything to become king, she says that he is ‘too’ kind, but no one can be too kind to kill anyone. She then says a spell, ‘pour my sprits in their ear’ and she wants to give her evil sprits to him and she has to take away the human kindness and fill it up with evil. This was the very first encounter with Lady Macbeth and this will make the audience think that she is evil, which would shock the audience. Lady Macbeth’s understanding of ambition is evil. ‘Without illness should attend it’. The word illness actually means evil so she is saying without evil you can’t be ambitious. The verb ‘should’ indicate that Lady Macbeth feels that evil must always accompany ambition. Lady Macbeth has just heard that the king, Duncan is coming to stay at their castle. Lady Macbeth say’s a soliloquy and calls on evil sprits to assist her murderous plans. ‘The raven himself is hoarse†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Lady Macbeths knows that she’s a woman and can’t commit the crime so she says ‘unsex me here’. If she is unsexed then she would not be a woman but a man and her feminine side would be taken away. Lady Macbeth wants to be filled with ‘direst cruelty’ so that she can kill the king with hesitating. This soliloquy is actually a spell. We know this is a spell because she is calling on sprits to unsex her. To an Elizabethan audience and to our modern audience it is still odd for some one casting a spell. In the scene there are many mood changes from excitement to fury. This has a dramatic effect on the audience as the scene started off with a lot of excitement from lady Macbeth and then changed to a furious state towards Macbeth. ‘Look like th’innocent flower, but be serpent under it’. Here lady Macbeth is telling Macbeth to look innocent but be evil inside. This is like Adam and Eve where Adam is Macbeth and eve is Lady Macbeth and the serpent tempted them. This also spoiled their stay in paradise and to Macbeth and lady Macbeth it will spoil the whole existence of the world, as they will be breaking the chain of being. This shows us that lady Macbeth is fiendlike and doesn’t care about the rest of the world. Two scenes later lady Macbeth says something very shocking, which may have just changed Macbeth’s mind. ‘Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I sworn as you have done this’, here lady Macbeth is telling Macbeth that she would kill her own child and throw it on the floor and let it die than break a promise she had made. This is pure evil and again to an Elizabethan audience and to our modern audience this is odd, as no one would say that. After Macbeth kills the king and two guards are saying their prayers and he couldn’t say ‘amen’. This worried Macbeth and all Lady Macbeth could say was ‘consider it not so deeply’. She didn’t care about his feelings and what he was going through and just simply forgot about it. Lady Macbeth is meant to look out for Macbeth, but she really has more control over Macbeth and he does not say anything to her as men in those days would. Lady Macbeth orders him to put the dagger back but he still in shock so she does it her self. In the play lady Macbeth is also not fiendlike towards Macbeth, and tries to support and help him. The first place where lady Macbeth is not fiendlike is when she was calling Macbeth a coward, which was in act 1 scene 7, just before Duncan is murdered. Lady Macbeth may have looked like she was being fiendlike towards Macbeth, when she was calling him a coward. ‘ And live a cowed in thane own esteem’, Macbeth could be saying this to him so that his dream of being king would come true and not for her to be queen. She called him all these names like a ‘coward’, ‘spineless’ and ‘lack of manliness’ to make him say no he’s not and so he would prove her wrong. Lady Macbeth also said ‘but screw your courage to the sticking-place’, and this means be a man and this finally got him and he gave in. I think that it actually worked and it was the turning point and then murdered Duncan. In the second scene of act two lady Macbeth shows a week side in her as she say’s ‘had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t. This shows us that she has some compassion in her and is not all evil. This has a bit of a effect on the audience as they now know she isn’t all evil. After the deed is done Macbeth says this is a ‘sorry sight’ and lady Macbeth replies with ‘a foolish thought, to say a sorry sight’, she is saying its too late now you’ve done it and your dreams will come true. She is keeping his hopes up and is also trying to forget about it. When Macduff tells Duncan’s son of their father’s murder, Macbeth has to depend himself and to help him out lady Macbeth faints in order to bring the attention away from Macbeth so that he would not be questioned. If she did not care about Macbeth she would have not done this. So this shows that she does love Macbeth. Lady Macbeth has her times when she is pure evil but she also cares about Macbeth and about his well-being. She was very strong and kept her emotions inside her until the end and it drove her to sleep walk and then at the end to suicide. She kept it all inside for Macbeth so he would not get worried and so therefore I can’t say she is fiendlike or not.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Code of Sexual Ethics Essay

The value of a code of sexual ethics is one that is extremely important to hold close to ones mind and soul. Human sexuality is a broad topic in society and everyone has different views on what is important to them as individuals. My view of human sexuality has been shaped with many influences. Growing up, my Mother always taught me to be comfortable with my sexuality, and I watched my older siblings show the same confidence that my Mother was teaching me. She taught me to respect others and myself equally, no matter what label of sexuality that they hold. Basically; â€Å"Treat others how you want to be treated†. I hope to teach my children in the same effective way that my Mother taught my siblings and I. I feel as though having this code of sexual ethics will act as a backbone to the teachings of human sexuality for my children and the next generation. I plan for them to follow this code faithfully, as I will continue to do so throughout the remaining course of my life. CODE To my Children; I have put together a code of sexual ethics that will help instruct and guide you in the right direction throughout the course of your lives. â€Å"Part of discovering yourself sexually usually involves developing your personal set of morals and values as they relate to sexual issues†(Hock, 6). This code of sexual ethics should not be viewed soley as disciplinary, the purpose is to provide guidance throughout the course of your lives. The first principle that is essential to your sexual health and well-being is to always use protection. This is important because Be faithful to your partner Wait until you are ready, do not let anyone pressure you/don’t take advantage Make sure it’s the right person to share the experience with â€Å"Most people agree that parents are the most appropriate source of [sexual] knowledge† (Hock, 15). THE PAST My parents have taught me to always be respectful to women. I would never force myself on any woman. They taught me to practice respect with all people, and not to judge others based on their sexuality, even if they may be different from me. I was also taught to never hold back my feelings, and to follow my heart. Yes, in some situations throughout my life, this has lead to heart break. However, in others, it has brought me to experiencing the most amazing feeling in the world; love. I have been known to wear my heart on my sleeve, however, this put forth both benefits and harms on my feelings throughout my life. Sex on the other hand, has always been a bit more personal. My parents did not exclusively teach me about sex. They taught me about love and relationships in general. Although, the topic of sex did arise, it was never the main focus of their teachings. My mother and I have a very comfortable relationship, we are usually able to talk about anything. She has taught me almost everything I need to know about how to make relationships work; along with the respectful ways to treat the woman I love. We did not start having these discussions until I was in high school. I wish that we would have talked about sexual values and behaviors while I was in middle school because that is when I started seriously liking girls. It all started at a pretty young age. I was always able to speak through my heart, even though I tend to be extremely shy. When it comes to feelings of my heart, I need to let it out. My mom and my peers have always been helpful to me in developing my awareness and understanding about my sexuality. I have never struggled with my sexuality personally, however, I have always cared greatly about the way I look. Some people call me â€Å"metro sexual†. This all started when I was very young. Because I wore nice clothes, and did my hair everyday, some people would mistake me for homosexual. This did not bother me though because I have always been comfortable with my sexuality because I know that I am not homosexual. I just like to look good, which in turn helps me feel good about myself. On the other hand, I think that the media may have played an unhelpful part in raising awareness and understanding about sexuality. Although some programs out there do a great job of explaining these concepts, most of the ones that I was exposed to, did not. Communication about sexuality is definitely welcomed when talking with my mother. However, it is almost fully unwelcomed when talking with my father. We just never talked about that sort of stuff. With my Dad and I, it has always been all about sports. Although, I am comfortable talking about my sexuality in general with all of my family members, I am not be comfortable going into detail on my sexual experiences. I think this is the case because my sexual experiences are a private, intimate matter. My family has no business in knowing about it unless something negative comes out of it, which it never has. THE PRESENT AND CONCLUSION The process of writing my code of sexual ethics was interesting. It allowed me to really look back on my past actions and reflect upon what I did wrong and what I did right. It is also interesting to think that I may be sharing this code with my children in the future. That fact in itself shaped the way I wrote my code of ethics because I really had to think about what I would approve of as a parent and how I would want my child to behave sexually. It was a hard process, but I learned a lot about myself along the way. I think that writing a code of sexual ethics was definitely useful and helpful in clarifying my sexual philosophy. This is because of the major thought process that was required to put into the creation of the code. I had to dig deep into my families, and my own beliefs and values when addressing sexual behavior, which in turn clarified some hazy thoughts in my mind as well. I currently live by most of the principles I wrote in my code of ethics. My parents raised me well and taught me to respect myself and others, and to also take responsibility for your actions. If there are any of the guidelines of my code that I did not live by in the past, than I will change my ways to live by them now. I can comfortably communicate with friends and intimate partners depending on the content of the subject. I have learned a great amount of information throughout this course. This information has shaped the way I formed my code of sexual ethics. We learned how to respect ourselves and love ourselves before anyone else and that was the basis of my code of sexual ethics. I think my code is pretty solid. I do not think it will need much revision in the future. However, it may need some additions. It may need additions because over the course of time my idea of ethics may change, as I grow older. When I am married the code may be a bit different for me, however I would want to teach my children this exact code of sexual ethics.